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ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¡Ñº¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÍÔ¹à´ÕÂ
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ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¡Ñº¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÍÔ¹à´Õ ¾.È. òôñô áÅФÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨵èÍ¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»áËè§ÃѪÊÁÑÂ



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       ¾ÃкҷÊÁà´ç¨¾ÃШØŨÍÁà¡ÅéÒà¨éÒÍÂÙèËÑÇ ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ·Ã§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒöÇÒ "¾ÃÐÊÁÑ­­Ò¹ÒÁ" ÁÒ¡ÁÒ ˹Öè§ã¹¹Ñ鹡ç¤×Í "¾ÃÐÁËÒ¡ÉѵÃÔÂì¼Ùéà»Ô´âÅ¡áË觡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§" ËÃ×Í The King Who Opened the World of Traveling

     㹪èǧÃѪÊÁÑ¢ͧ¾ÃÐͧ¤ì ôò »ÕÃÐËÇèÒ§ ¾.È. òôññ-òôõó (¤.È. ñøöø-ñùñð) ·Ã§ä´éàʴ稵èÒ§»ÃÐà·Èà»ç¹ÃÐÂзҧä¡Åáʹä¡Å ÍÂèÒ§ª¹Ô´·ÕèäÁèà¤ÂÁÕ¾ÃÐÁËÒ¡ÉѵÃÔÂìä·Â¾ÃÐͧ¤ìã´ä´é·Ã§¡ÃзÓÁÒ¡è͹ ¡ÒÃàʴ稾ÃÐÃÒª´Óà¹Ô¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ÁÕ·Ñ駷Õèà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÇÔà·âȺÒÂáÅСÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÅèÒàÃÕ¹ÊÓËÃѺ¾ÃÐÃÒªÍҳҨѡà áÅÐ㹺ҧ¡Ã³Õ¡çà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃÊèǹ¾ÃÐͧ¤ì ËÃ×Í·ÕèàÃÕ¡ã¹ÊÁѹÑé¹ÇèÒ "ä»Ãàǵ"

     ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ àʴ稵èÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÃÇÁ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ ø ¤ÃÑé§ [·Ñ駹Õéâ´Â¡ÒùѺÃÇÁ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÃÑ°ÁÅÒÂÙ·Ò§à˹×Í ¤×Í¡ÅѹµÑ¹ áÅеÃѧ¡Ò¹Ù (ÃÇÁ·Ñ駻ѵµÒ¹Õ) ã¹ÊÁÑ·ÕèÂѧà»ç¹ÃÑ°ºÃóҡÒâͧÊÂÒÁÍÂÙè àÁ×èÍ»Õ ¾.È. òôóñ ËÃ×Í ¤.È. ñøøø áÅйѺÃÇÁ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨àÂ×͹»Ñ¡ÉìãµéᶺÃйͧ ¾Ñ§§Ò µÃѧ ÀÙà¡çµ àÅ¢éÒÁä»ÂѧÅѧ¡ÒÇÕ »Õ¹Ñ§ áÅÐऴÐËì ÃÐËÇèÒ§ ñö àÁÉÒ¹ ¶Ö§ ñõ ÁԶعÒ¹ ¾.È. òôóó ËÃ×Í ¤.È. ñøùð ´éÇÂ] ¤×Í

   ñ. òôñô/ñø÷ñ àÊ´ç¨ÊÔ§¤â»ÃìáÅЪÇÒÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ò§¡Òà ÃÇÁÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ óø Çѹ ÃÐËÇèÒ§Çѹ·Õè ù ÁÕ¹Ò¤Á ¶Ö§ ñõ àÁÉÒ¹ ÁÕ¼ÙéµÔ´µÒÁ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ òðø ¤¹

   ò. òôñô/ñø÷ñ-ñø÷ò àÊ´ç¨ÍÔ¹à´ÕÂÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ò§¡Òà ¢Ò仼èÒ¹áÅÐáÇÐÊÔ§¤â»Ãì ÁÐÅÐ¡Ò »Õ¹Ñ§ ÁÐÅÐáËÁè§ ÂèÒ§¡Øé§ ¢Ò¡ÅѺ¼èÒ¹ÀÙà¡çµ ä·ÃºØÃÕ ËÒ´ãË­è ʧ¢ÅÒ ÃÇÁ ùò Çѹ ÁÕ¼ÙéµÔ´µÒÁ ô𠤹

   ó. òôóñ/ñøøø àʴ稻չѧáÅÐÁÅÒÂ٢ͧÍѧ¡ÄÉ ã¹¤ÃÒÇà´ÕÂǡѺ¡ÒÃàʴ稡ÅѹµÑ¹ µÃѧ¡Ò¹Ù (ÃÇÁ·Ñ駻ѵµÒ¹Õ) ã¹ÊÁÑ·ÕèÂѧà»ç¹ÃÑ°ºÃóҡÒâͧÊÂÒÁÍÂÙè

   ô. òôóó/ñøùð àÊ´ç¨à¡ÒÐÅѧ¡ÒÇÕ »Õ¹Ñ§ ÃÇÁ·Ñé§à¤´ÐËì (ä·ÃºØÃÕ) áÅлѡÉìãµéᶺÃйͧ ¾Ñ§§Ò µÃѧ ÀÙà¡çµ

   õ. òôóù/ñøùö àÊ´ç¨ÊÔ§¤â»ÃìáÅЪÇÒ¤ÃÑ駷ÕèÊͧà»ç¹¡ÒÃÊèǹ¾ÃÐͧ¤ì ù ¾ÄÉÀÒ¤Á ¶Ö§ òø ÊÔ§ËÒ¤Á ÃÇÁ ó à´×͹¡Ñº ñù Çѹ ÊÓËÃѺà·ÕèÂǹÕéÁչѡÇÔªÒ¡ÒáÅèÒÇÊÃØ»ÇèÒà»ç¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁµÑÇ«éÍÁãË­è¢Í§¡Ò÷Õè¨Ðä»ÂØâû㹻նѴä»

   ö. òôôð/ñøù÷ àÊ´ç¨ÂØâû¤ÃÑé§ááÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ò§¡Òà ù à´×͹

   ÷. òôôô/ñùðñ àʴ稪ÇÒà»ç¹¤ÃÑ駷ÕèÊÒÁà»ç¹¡ÒÃÊèǹ¾ÃÐͧ¤ì øð Çѹ

   ø. òôõð/ñùð÷ àÊ´ç¨ÂØâûà»ç¹¡ÒÃÊèǹ¾ÃÐͧ¤ì à»ç¹¤ÃÑ駷ÕèÊͧáÅФÃÑé§ÊØ´·éÒ áÅÐÁÕ¾ÃÐÃÒª¹Ô¾¹¸ì "ä¡ÅºéÒ¹" ÃÐËÇèÒ§Çѹ·Õè ò÷ ÁÕ¹Ò¤Á òôôù áÅÐàʴ稡ÅѺàÁ×èÍ ñ÷ ¾ÄȨԡÒ¹ òôõð ÃÇÁàÇÅÒà¡×ͺ ø à´×͹



-- Edited by Bollywood2Thai at 14:40, 2005-03-31

-- Edited by Bollywood2Thai at 14:42, 2005-03-31

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â´Â·ÑèÇä»ã¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìä·ÂÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¹Ñé¹ ÁÑ¡¨Ðà¹é¹ÍÂÙè ò »ÃСÒà ¤×Í

ñ. ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÂØâû·Ñé§Êͧ¤ÃÑé§ ã¹»Õ ¾.È. òôôð (¤.È. ñøù÷) áÅÐ ¾.È. òôõð (¤.È. ñùð÷)

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ÊÁÁص԰ҹáÅТéÍÊÃØ»´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ·Ñé§ÊͧÍÒ¨¨Ð¶Ù¡µéͧ㹺ҧÃдѺ áµèËÒ¡¨ÐÈÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ò¡»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍÂèÒ§ÅÐàÍÕ´¶Õè¶éǹáÅéÇ àÃÒÍÒ¨¨Ðä´é¢éÍÊÃØ»ãËÁè´Ñ§¹Õé ¤×Í

ñ. ¡ÒÃàʴ稵èÒ§»ÃÐà·Èã¹ÊÁѵé¹ÃѪ¡ÒÅàÁ×èÍÂѧà»ç¹ÂØÇ¡ÉѵÃÔÂì â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨àÁ×ͧ¢Ö鹢ͧÍѧ¡ÄÉ ¤×ÍÊÔ§¤â»Ãì (áÅЪÇҢͧÎÍÅѹ´Ò) ¾.È. òôñó (¹Ñºáºº»¯Ô·Ô¹à¡èÒ) áÅСÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÍÔ¹à´Õ (¡Ñº¾ÁèÒ) ã¹»Õ ¾.È. òôñô ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭÂÔè§ÂÇ´µèÍ¡Òà "»¯ÔÃÙ»" áÅйâºÒ¢ͧÃÒªÊӹѡÊÂÒÁã¹ÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ áÅеèÍæ ÁÒã¹ÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè ö áÅÐ ÷ (¨¹¶Ö§¡è͹¡Òû¯ÔÇÑµÔ òô ÁԶعÒ¹ òô÷õ)

ò. ¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇã¹ÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ·ÓãËéÊÂÒÁä´é¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ "ÃÑ°ÃҪǧÈì" ËÃ×Í dynastic state ·ÕèÁÕ¡Òà "â§ÍÓ¹Ò¨à¢éÒÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§·Õèͧ¤ì¾ÃÐÁËÒ¡ÉѵÃÔÂì" ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÃкͺÊÁºÙóҭÒÊÔ·¸ÔÃÒªÂì ËÃ×Í absolutism ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¡ÒÃà»ç¹ "ÃÑ°ªÒµÔËÃ×ÍÃÑ°»ÃЪҪҵÔ" Íѹà»ç¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§ÃÑ°ÊÁÑÂãËÁè ¹Ñºáµè¡Òû¯ÔÇѵԻÃЪҸԻäµÂ¢Í§¡Òû¯ÔÇѵÔÍàÁÃԡѹ ñ÷÷ö (¾.È. òóñù µÃ§¡ÑºÊÁÑÂÊÁà´ç¨¾ÃÐà¨éÒ¡Ãا¸¹ºØÃÕ-µÒ¡ÊÔ¹) ËÃ×Í¡Òû¯ÔÇѵԽÃÑè§àÈÊ ñ÷øù (¾.È. òóóò µÃ§¡ÑºÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè ñ ¡ÃاÃѵ¹â¡ÊÔ¹·Ãì)

¡ÅèÒÇÂé͹¡ÅѺ仡ç¤×Í Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìËÃ×͵ÓÃÒàÃÕ¹·Õèà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧ¡ÒÃàʴ稵èÒ§»ÃÐà·È¢Í§ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ÁÑ¡¨Ðà¹é¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÂØâû·Ñé§ ò ¤ÃÑé§ ¤×Í ¾.È. òôôð áÅÐ ¾.È. òôõð àÁ×è;ÃÐͧ¤ìÁÕ¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØä´é ôô ¾ÃÃÉÒ áÅÐ õô ¾ÃÃÉÒµÒÁÅӴѺ áÅÐâ´Â·ÑèÇä»ÍÕ¡àªè¹¡Ñ¹ ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÇèÒ´éÇ¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»ã¹ÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¹Ñé¹ ÁÑ¡¨Ðà¹é¹ãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ¡Ñº¡Ò÷Õèä´éàÊ´ç¨ä»àËç¹áººÍÂèÒ§¢Í§ "¹Ò¹ÒÍÒûÃÐà·È" ã¹ÂØâû áÅзç¹ÓÁÒ´Ñ´á»Å§ãªéã¹ÊÂÒÁ»ÃÐà·È

ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ¹èÒàª×èÍÇèÒ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨àÂ×͹ÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤Á¢Í§Íѧ¡ÄÉáÅÐÎÍÅѹ´ÒÃͺæ ÊÂÒÁ àÁ×èÍÁÕ¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØä´éà¾Õ§ ñø áÅÐ ñù ¾ÃÃÉÒµÒÁÅӴѺ áÅСÒ÷Õèä´é·Ã§¾ºàËç¹áÅÐàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ò¡»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì·Ñé§Êͧ¤ÃÑ駹Ñé¹ ¹èÒ¨ÐÁռŵèÍ¡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹§Ò¹´éÒ¹¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡ à·èÒæ ¡Ñº¡Ã³Õ¢Í§ÂØâûËÃ×ÍÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ´éÇ«éÓä»

ÊÃØ»áÅéÇ à˵ءÒóì·Ò§»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÊÁѵé¹ÃѪ¡ÒÅàÁ×èÍÂѧà»ç¹ÂØÇ¡ÉѵÃÔÂì ÃÐËÇèÒ§¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØ ñõ-òð ¾ÃÃÉÒ Íѹà»ç¹ªèǧ·ÕèÂѧäÁè·Ã§ºÃÃÅعԵÔÀÒÇÐ áÅÐÂѧµéͧÁÕ¼ÙéÊÓàÃç¨ÃÒª¡ÒÃá·¹¾ÃÐͧ¤ì áÅСçä´éàʴ稵èÒ§»ÃÐà·Èà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡æ ¤×Íä»ÊÔ§¤â»ÃìáÅЪÇÒã¹»Õ ¾.È. òôñó (¹Ñºáºº»¯Ô·Ô¹à¡èÒ) ÃÇÁ óø Çѹ µÍ¹¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØä´éà¾Õ§ ñø ¾ÃÃÉÒ

áÅеèÍÁÒã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒã¡Åéà¤Õ§¡Ñ¹ ¡çàÊ´ç¨ÍÔ¹à´Õ (áÅоÁèÒ ¾ÃéÍÁ·Ñé§áÇзÕèÁÐÅСÒáÅлչѧ´éÇÂ) ã¹»Õ ¾.È. òôñô ËÃ×Í ¤.È. ñø÷ñ-ñø÷ò (ñö ¸Ñ¹ÇÒ¤Á ñø÷ñ ¶Ö§ ñö ÁÕ¹Ò¤Á ñø÷ò) µÍ¹¹Õé·Ã§ÁÕ¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØä´éà¾Õ§ ñù ¾ÃÃÉÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹àͧ ¹Õè¹èÒ¨Ðà»ç¹»ÃÐà´ç¹·ÕèµéͧÈÖ¡ÉҤ鹤ÇéҡѹÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡ áÅÐÂѧäÁèÁÕ¾Íã¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â¢Í§àÃÒ·Õè¨Ð·ÓãËéàÃÒµÕ¤ÇÒÁ·Ò§»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìä´éÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾

·Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÂÔè§ä»¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹áÅÐÊÁ¤ÇõÑ駢éÍÊѧࡵ·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃäÇé ¤×ÍËÅѧ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨Ãͺæ áÅÐã¡Åéæ ºéÒ¹ã¹ÊÂÒÁ·Ñé§Êͧ¤ÃÑ駹ÕéáÅéÇ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ÀÒÂËÅѧ¡ÒþÃÐÃÒª¾Ô¸ÕºÃÁÃÒªÒÀÔàÉ¡¤ÃÑ駷ÕèÊͧàÁ×èÍ ¾.È. òôñö (¤.È. ñø÷ó) àÁ×èÍÁÕ¾ÃЪ¹ÁÒÂØä´é òð ¾ÃÃÉÒ ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ áÅкÃôҾÃÐà¨éÒ¹éͧÂÒà¸ÍµÅÍ´¨¹¢Ø¹¹Ò§ÃØè¹àÂÒÇì áµè¶×Íä´éÇèÒà»ç¹ "¤¹ÃØè¹ãËÁè" à»ç¹ "ÊÂÒÁ˹ØèÁ" ËÃ×Í Young Siam ¹Ñé¹ ä´éàÃÔèÁ¡Ãкǹ¡Òà "»¯ÔÃÙ»" áÅÐËÃ×Í¢ºÇ¹¡Ò÷ѹÊÁÑ (modernization) ÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇáÅЩѺ¾Åѹ äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒèѴàÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃà¡çºÀÒÉÕÍÒ¡ÃẺãËÁè àªè¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ¢Í§¡ÒèѴµÑé§ "ËÍÃÑɮҡþԾѲ¹ì" (Auditing Office ËÃ×Í·Õè¨Ð¡ÅÒÂÁÒà»ç¹¡ÃзÃǧ¡ÒäÅѧẺÊÁÑÂãËÁèã¹ÀÒÂËÅѧ) ¡ÒèѴͧ¤ì¡ÃãËÁèæ ·Ò§´éÒ¹¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧáÅСÒû¡¤Ãͧ àªè¹ "à¤Ò¹ì«ÔÅÍÍ¿Ê൴" áÅÐ "»ÃÕÇÕà¤Ò¹ì«ÔÅ" ¡ÒÃàÅÔ¡»ÃÐླÕáÅиÃÃÁà¹ÕÂÁµèÒ§æ ·Õè¶×Íä´éÇèÒ "âºÃÒ³" áÅÐ "ÅéÒÊÁÑÂ" àªè¹ ¡ÒÃàÅÔ¡ËÁͺ¤Åҹ㹡ÒÃà¢éÒà½éÒ ¡ÒÃàÃÔèÁµé¹¡ÒÃàÅÔ¡·ÒÊ ÏÅÏ

Young Siam ¢Í§ÊÂÒÁã¹ÊÁѹÕé¹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕÊèǹà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº "¢ºÇ¹¡ÒêҵԹÔÂÁ" ÍÂèҧẺ¢Í§ Young Bengal ·Õè»ÃÒ¡¯ã¹¡ÑšѵµÒÊÁѹÑé¹ËÃ×ÍäÁèáÅÐÍÂèÒ§äà à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õ褧µéͧÈÖ¡ÉҤ鹤ÇéҡѹµèÍä» (´Ùº··Õè ù ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ͧ͢ È. ÊËÒÂ)

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´Ñ§¹Ñé¹àÁ×è;ԨÒóÒâ´ÂÅÐàÍÕ´áÅШҡ¡ÒÃà·Õº»ÕÈÑ¡ÃÒªáÅéÇ ¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÂØâû·Ñ駤ÃÑé§áá ¾.È. òôôð (·Õè·Ã§©Ò¾ÃÐÃÙ»ÃèÇÁ¡Ñº¾ÃÐà¨éÒ«ÒÃì¹Ôâ¤ÅÒÊ) áÅФÃÑé§ËÅѧ ¾.È. òôõð ¹Ñé¹ à»ç¹»ÕÈÑ¡ÃÒªáÅÐÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧà˵ءÒóìËÅѧ¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»¤ÃÑé§ÊÓ¤Ñ­æ ·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»ÃкºÃÒª¡ÒÃÊèǹ¡ÅÒ§ ¤×͵Ñ駡ÃзÃǧ·ºÇ§¡ÃÁàÁ×èÍ»Õ òôóõ (¤.È. ñøùò) ËÅѧ¨Ò¡¡Òû¯ÔÃÙ»¡Òû¡¤ÃͧÊèǹÀÙÁÔÀÒ¤·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒõÑé§ "Á³±Åà·ÈÒÀÔºÒÅ" áÅéǵÑé§ËÅÒÂ»Õ áÅСçÀÒÂËÅѧ "¡ÒÃàÊÕ´Թᴹ" àÁ×èÍà˵ءÒóì¾Ô¾Ò·¡Ñº½ÃÑè§àÈÊ Ã.È. ññò (¾.È. òôóö ·Õè½ÃÑè§àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Paknam Incident 1893 ·ÕèàÊÕ´ԹᴹÅÒÇ´éÒ¹½Ñ觫éÒ¢ͧáÁè¹éÓ⢧ áÅÐÂѧ¶Ù¡ÂÖ´àÁ×ͧ¨Ñ¹·ºØÃÕáÅеÃÒ´äÇéà»ç¹»ÃСѹÍÕ¡¶Ö§¡ÇèÒ ñð »Õ)

áÅзÕèÊӤѭ¡ç¤×Í¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨ÂØâû¤ÃÑé§áá ¾.È. òôôð ¹Ñé¹ ¡çà»ç¹à˵ءÒóìÀÒÂËÅѧ¡ÒÃŧ¹ÒÁã¹Ê¹¸ÔÊÑ­­ÒÃÐËÇèÒ§Íѧ¡ÄÉáÅнÃÑè§àÈÊã¹»Õ ¾.È. òôóù »ÃСѹ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡ÅÒ§¢Í§´Ô¹á´¹µÍ¹¡ÅÒ§¤×ÍÅØèÁáÁè¹éÓà¨éÒ¾ÃÐÂҢͧÊÂÒÁ (1896 Anglo-French Agreement) ·ÕèÁÕÊèǹªèÇÂãËé´Ô¹á´¹¢Í§ÊÂÒÁÊèǹãË­è (·Õè¨Ð¡ÅÒÂÁÒà»ç¹ÃÙ»¢ÇÒ¹·Í§ ËÃ×Í "ÊØÇÃóÀÙÁÔ" ÍÂèÒ§·ÕèàÃÒàËç¹ã¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹) ÁÕ͸ԻäµÂÍÂÙèä´é ¨ÐËÅØ´ËÃ×Í "àÊÕÂ" ä»à»ç¹¢Í§½ÃÑè§àÈÊ ¤×ÍÅÒÇ ¡ÑºàÊÕÂÁàÃÕºáÅоÃекͧ (·ÕèãªéáÅ¡àÍҨѹ·ºØÃÕáÅеÃÒ´¤×¹ÁÒ) ¡ÑºËÅØ´ä»à»ç¹¢Í§Íѧ¡ÄÉ㹵͹»ÅÒÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¡ç¤×ÍÃÑ°ÁÅÒÂÙ·Ò§à˹×Í àªè¹ ऴÐËì (ä·ÃºØÃÕ) ¡ÅѹµÑ¹ µÃѧ¡Ò¹Ù áÅлÐÅÔÊ à¾×èÍãªéáÅ¡¡ÑºÊÔ·¸Ô·Ò§¡ÒÃÈÒŢͧÊÂÒÁ

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áÅйÕè¡çà»ç¹·ÕèÁҢͧ¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¢Í§àÃÒ·Õè¨ÐÈÖ¡ÉÒ "ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¡Ñºà¾×è͹ºéÒ¹ã¹ÍØÉÒ¤à¹ÂìáÅЪÁ¾Ù·ÇÕ»" áÅÐÈÖ¡ÉÒ»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃìÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÇÔªÒ¡Òà (ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍËÃ×ÍÍØ´Á¡Òóì ËÃ×͹ԷҹàÅèÒÊÙè¡Ñ¹¿Ñ§) µÅÍ´¨¹¡ÒÃá»Å˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅèÁ¹Õé India in 1872 : As Seen by the Siamese ¢Í§ÈÒʵÃÒ¨ÒÃÂìÊÒ¤ªÔ´Í¹Ñ¹· ÊËÒ (Sachchidanand Sahai) áËè§ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂÁ¤¸ àÁ×ͧ⾸ԤÂÒ ÃÑ°¾ÔËÒà ·Ñ駹Õéà¹×èͧã¹âÍ¡ÒÊ ñõð »Õ¢Í§¾ÃÐÃÒªÊÁÀ¾¢Í§ÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¾.È. òõôö áÅСÒ÷Õè¾ÃÐͧ¤ì·èÒ¹ä´éÃѺ¡ÒáÂèͧãËéà»ç¹ºØ¤¤ÅÊӤѭ¢Í§âÅ¡â´Âͧ¤ì¡ÒÃÊË»ÃЪҪҵÔ



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ÍÔ¹à´Õ·ÕèÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ÂØÇ¡ÉѵÃÔÂì·Ã§ä»¾ºàËç¹¹Ñé¹ à»ç¹ÍÔ¹à´Õ·Õèà»ç¹·ÕèÊØ´¢Í§ÍÙèÍÒøÃÃÁà¡èÒ ·Õ赡ÍÂÙèÀÒÂãµé¡Òû¡¤ÃͧÅÑ·¸ÔÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤Á¢Í§ "ºÃÔµÔªÃÒª" Íѹà»ç¹ÂؤÊÁÑ·ÕèÍѧ¡ÄÉ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÁËÒÍÓ¹Ò¨Íѹ´ÑºË¹Ö觢ͧâÅ¡ à»ç¹ "¨Ñ¡ÃÇÃôÔ" (empire) ·Õè¾ÃÐÍÒ·ÔµÂìäÁ赡´Ô¹ (ËÁÒ¶֧ÁմԹᴹÍÒ³Ò¹Ô¤ÁàÁ×ͧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙèÃͺâÅ¡) ¹Õèà»ç¹ÂؤÊÁÑÂáËè§ Pax Britanica áË觪èǧ¡ÅÒ§¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè ñù ¨¹¡ÃзÑ觶֧ʧ¤ÃÒÁâÅ¡¤ÃÑ駷Õè ñ áÅСçäÁèà¤ÂÁÕÁËҨѡÃÇÃôÔã´àÃ×ͧÍÓ¹Ò¨ä´éà·èÒ¹Õé

áÁéÇèÒºÒ§·èÒ¹¨Ð¡ÅèÒǶ֧ Pax Romana ËÃ×ͨѡÃÇÃôÔâÃÁѹ (ËÃ×ÍáÁéáµè¨Ñ¡ÃÇÃôԢͧ¨Ñ¡Ã¾ÃôÔà¨ç§¡ÕÊ¢èÒ¹¡çµÒÁ) áµèÍÓ¹Ò¨¹Ñ鹢ͧâÃÁ¡ç¨Ó¡Ñ´ÍÂÙèà¾Õ§ã¹ÂØâûáÅÐáÍ¿ÃÔ¡Òà˹×Íà·èÒ¹Ñé¹àͧ ÍÒ¨¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ ¨ÐÁÕ "¨Ñ¡ÃÇÃôÔ" ·Õè·Ã§ÍÓ¹Ò¨ä´éà·èҡѺ¢Í§Íѧ¡ÄÉ ¡ç¤×Í "¨Ñ¡ÃÇÃôÔÍàÁÃԡѹ" ËÃ×Í Pax Americana 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹ (·Õè¡éÒǶ֧¨Ø´ÊØ´ÂÍ´ã¹»ÅÒ·ÈÇÃÃÉ 1980s áÅСÓÅѧàÃÔèÁàÊ×èÍÁÊÅÒÂÀÒÂËÅѧ¡ÒÃÃØ¡ÃÒ¹ÍÑ¿¡Ò¹ÔʶҹáÅÐÍÔÃѡ㹪èǧµé¹¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè òñ ¹Õéàͧ)

¨Ò¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire ºÃóҸԡÒÃâ´Â P.J. Marshall (ñùùö, ñùùù) â´Â੾ÒШҡº··Õè ò ÇèÒ´éÇ 1783-1870 : An Expanding Empire ¹Ñé¹ ºÃÃÂÒÂãËéàËç¹ÀÒ¾¢Í§ÍÔ¹à´ÕÂáÅÐ "ºÃÔµÔªÃÒª" ·ÕèÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ¢Í§àÃÒä´é·Ã§¾ºàËç¹àÁ×èͤÃÒÇàÊ´ç¨ã¹»Õ ñø÷ò

´Ñ§·Õè¡ÅèÒÇáÅéÇ¢éÒ§µé¹ÇèÒÂؤÊÁѨҡ»ÅÒ¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè ñø (»ÃÐÁÒ³àÇÅÒà´ÕÂǡѺ¡ÒÃàÊÕ¡ÃاÈÃÕÍÂظÂÒ¤ÃÑ駷Õè ò ¾.È. òóñð) ¨¹¡ÃзÑ觤ÃÖè§ËÅѧ¢Í§¤ÃÔʵìȵÇÃÃÉ·Õè ñù ¤×͵ÅÍ´ÃѪÊÁÑ¢ͧÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè ô áÅзÕè õ àÃ×èÍÂÁÒ¨¹¶Ö§Ê§¤ÃÒÁâÅ¡¤ÃÑ駷Õè ñ ¤×͵ç¡ÑºÊÁÑÂÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè ö à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ»ÃÐÁÒ³ ñõð »Õ ËÃ×ͤ¹»ÃÐÁÒ³ ö ªÑèÇ⤵ùÑé¹ à»ç¹Âؤ·Í§¢Í§ Pax Britanica

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ºÃÔµÔªÃÒª (British Raj)

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¡ÒäéÒàÊÃÕ ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹àÃ×Í áÅÐöä¿

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     ¢éÒ¾à¨éÒ¾º¡Ñº È. ÊËÒ (Sachchidanand Sahai) ¼Ùé»Ãоѹ¸ì˹ѧÊ×Í India in 1872 : As Seen by the Siamese ËÅÒµèÍËÅÒ¤ÃÑé§ ä´éÃѺ¿Ñ§¤Ó»ÃÒÃÀ¢Í§·èÒ¹àÃ×èͧ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÊ´ç¨àÂ×͹ÍÔ¹à´Õ¢ͧÃѪ¡ÒÅ·Õè õ ä´é¿Ñ§¡ÒÃàʹͺ·¤ÇÒÁàº×éͧµé¹ àÁ×èͤÃÑ駷Õè·èÒ¹ÁÒºÃÃÂÒ·ÕèÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅѸÃÃÁÈÒʵÃì ·èÒ¾ÃШѹ·Ãì àÁ×èÍ ññ ¾ÄȨԡÒ¹ òõôð ·éÒ·ÕèÊØ´¡çä´éÃѺ˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅèÁⵢͧ·èÒ¹·ÕèãªéàÇÅÒ¡Òä鹤ÇéÒÇԨѶ֧ õ »Õ ¼èÒ¹ÁÒâ´Â¤Ø³ÊØÅѡɳì ÈÔÇÃÑ¡Éì ·ÕèÂ×¹ÂѹÇèÒÊÁ¤ÇÃä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃá»Åà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â à¾×èÍ¢ÂÒ¾ÃÁá´¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙé´éÒ¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì¢Í§àÃÒ

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     ˹éÒ·Õè¢Í§¤¹ÃØè¹ËÅѧ¡ç¤×Í ¨Ðà´Ô¹µÒÁÃ;Ãкҷ¹Ñé¹ã¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ áÅÐáÊǧËһѭ­Òà¾ÔèÁàµÔÁà¾×èÍÊèͧ·Ò§ãËé͹Ҥµ¢Í§àÃÒËÃ×ÍäÁèà¾Õ§ã´à·èÒ¹Ñé¹àͧ ´Ñ§¾Ø·¸ÀÒÉÔµ·ÕèÇèÒ "¹µÚ¶Ô »­Ú­ÒÊÁÒ ÍÒÀÒ" áʧÊÇèÒ§àÊÁÍ´éÇ»ѭ­ÒäÁèÁÕ



-- Edited by Bollywood2Thai at 14:44, 2005-03-31

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